دانلود مقاله لاتین 2012 با عنوان حباب اهرمی

اختصاصی از ژیکو دانلود مقاله لاتین 2012 با عنوان حباب اهرمی دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

a b s t r a c t

Leverage is strongly related to liquidity in a market and lack of liquidity is considered a cause and/or consequence of the recent financial crisis. A repurchase agreement is a financial instrument where a security is sold simultaneously with an agreement to buy it back at a later date. Repurchase agreement (repo) market size is a very important element in calculating the overall leverage in a financial market. Therefore, studying the behavior of repo market size can help to understand a process that can contribute to the birth of a financial crisis. We hypothesize that herding behavior among large investors led to massive over-leveraging through the use of repos, resulting in a bubble (built up over the previous years) and subsequent crash in this market in early 2008. We use the Johansen–Ledoit–Sornette (JLS) model of rational expectation bubbles and behavioral finance to study the dynamics of the repo market that led to the crash. The JLS model qualifies a bubble by the presence of characteristic patterns in the price dynamics, called log-periodic power law (LPPL) behavior. We show that there was significant LPPL behavior in the market before that crash and that the predicted range of times predicted by the model for the end of the bubble is consistent with the observations.

Keywords:

Financial crisis

Repos

Market liquidity

Leverage

Log-periodic power law

Critical phenomena

استاندارد ASTM E165 در خصوص تست مایعات نافذ (PT) نسخه 2012

اختصاصی از ژیکو استاندارد ASTM E165 در خصوص تست مایعات نافذ (PT) نسخه 2012 دانلود با لینک مستقیم و پر سرعت .

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استاندارد ASTM E165

تست مایعات نافذ (PT)

نسخه 2012

توضیح کامل انجام این تست

Standard Practice for
Liquid Penetrant Examination for General Industry

 Scope:
1.1 This practice
covers procedures for penetrant examina-
tion of materials. Penetrant testing is a nondestructive testing
method for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface
such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, shrinkage, laminations,
through leaks, or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process,
final, and maintenance testing. It can be effectively used in the
examination of nonporous, metallic materials, ferrous and
nonferrous metals, and of nonmetallic materials such as non-
porous glazed or fully densified ceramics, as well as certain
nonporous plastics, and glass.
1.2 This practice also provides a reference:
1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination process
recommended or required by individual organizations can be
reviewed to ascertain its applicability and completeness.
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications and
procedures dealing with the liquid penetrant testing of parts
and materials. Agreement by the customer requesting penetrant
inspection is strongly recommended. All areas of this practice
may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering
organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the
cognizant engineering organization.
1.2.3 For use in the organization of facilities and personnel
concerned with liquid penetrant testing.
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for
evaluation of the indications obtained by penetrant testing. It
should be pointed out, however, that after indications have
been found, they must be interpreted or classified and then
evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code,
standard, or a specific agreement to define the type, size,
location, and direction of indications considered acceptable,
and those considered unacceptable.